As loving companions and integral members of our families, dogs bring joy and fulfillment into our lives. However, just like any other living being, they can face health challenges, and one such condition that pet owners should be aware of is pyometra. 

This potentially life-threatening uterine infection affects unspayed female dogs, and understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for responsible pet ownership. 

In this article, we’ll delve into the intricacies of pyometra, shedding light on what every dog owner needs to know to ensure the well-being of their furry friends.

What is Pyometra and How Does it Happen?

Pyometra is a condition that occurs when the uterus fills with pus due to a bacterial infection. The infection is usually caused by E. coli bacteria, which are normally found in the vagina, but can enter the uterus through the cervix (the opening of the uterus) during or after the heat cycle (estrus).

The heat cycle is the period when a female dog is fertile and can become pregnant. During this time, the dog’s hormones, especially progesterone, cause the lining of the uterus to thicken and prepare for pregnancy. 

If the dog does not get pregnant, the lining is shed during the next heat cycle. However, if the dog goes through several heat cycles without getting pregnant, the lining can become abnormally thick and cystic, creating a favorable environment for bacterial growth. This condition is called cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH).

CEH makes the uterus more susceptible to infection and also impairs its ability to contract and expel the bacteria and fluids. Moreover, progesterone inhibits the immune system from fighting the infection and prevents the white blood cells from entering the uterus. All these factors contribute to the development of pyometra.

Pyometra can be classified into two types: open and closed. In open pyometra, the cervix remains open and allows the pus to drain out of the vulva (the external part of the female genitalia). In closed pyometra, the cervix is closed and traps the pus inside the uterus, causing it to expand and rupture. Closed pyometra is more dangerous and requires immediate veterinary attention and potentially using the best portable dog washer to help flush out the infection.

The Causes and Risk Factors of Pyometra in Dogs

The main cause of pyometra in dogs is hormonal imbalance due to repeated heat cycles without pregnancy. This affects the uterus and makes it prone to infection. Other factors that can increase the risk of pyometra include:

• Age: Pyometra is more common in older dogs, especially those over six years of age, as they have undergone more heat cycles and have more chances of developing CEH.

• Breed: Some breeds are more predisposed to pyometra, such as golden retrievers, rottweilers, German shepherds, and St. Bernards.

• Medications: Some drugs that contain progesterone or estrogen, or both, can cause changes in the uterus similar to the heat cycle and induce pyometra. These drugs are sometimes used to treat certain reproductive disorders or to prevent pregnancy. Any dog that receives hormonal therapy should be monitored closely for signs of pyometra.

• Other diseases: Some diseases that affect the immune system, such as diabetes, Cushing’s disease, or hypothyroidism, can make the dog more vulnerable to infection and pyometra.

​​Signs and Symptoms of Pyometra in Dogs

The signs and symptoms of pyometra in dogs usually appear within four to eight weeks after the last heat cycle. They may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection, but some of the common ones are:

• Vaginal discharge: This is the most obvious sign of pyometra. The discharge may be bloody, purulent (pus-like), or mucoid (thick and sticky). It may have a foul odor and stain the dog’s fur or bedding. In closed pyometra, the discharge may not be visible, but the dog may lick the vulva frequently.

• Abdominal swelling: The dog’s abdomen may become enlarged and distended due to the accumulation of pus and fluids in the uterus. The dog may appear bloated and uncomfortable.

• Lethargy: The dog may become weak, tired, and depressed due to the infection and inflammation. The dog may lose interest in playing, walking, or eating.

• Loss of appetite: The dog may refuse to eat or eat less than usual due to nausea, vomiting, or pain. This can lead to weight loss and dehydration.

How to Diagnose and Treat Pyometra in Dogs

If you suspect that your dog has pyometra, you should take her to the vet as soon as possible. The vet will perform a physical examination and ask you about your dog’s history, such as when was her last heat cycle, whether she has been spayed or not, and whether she has received any hormonal medications. The vet may also run some tests, such as:

• Blood tests: These can reveal signs of infection, inflammation, anemia, dehydration, or kidney or liver damage. The vet may also check the levels of progesterone and other hormones in the blood.

• Urine tests: These can detect signs of infection, blood, or protein in the urine. The vet may also culture the urine to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection.

• X-rays: These can show the size and shape of the uterus and whether it has ruptured or not. The vet may also see signs of fluid or gas in the abdomen or chest.

• Ultrasound: This can provide a more detailed image of the uterus and its contents. The vet may also see signs of fluid or gas in the abdomen or chest.

• Cytology: This involves taking a sample of the vaginal discharge or the pus from the uterus and examining it under a microscope. The vet may see signs of infection, inflammation, or cancer cells.

The treatment of pyometra in dogs depends on the type and severity of the condition, but the most common and effective option is surgery. The surgery involves removing the uterus and the ovaries, which is called ovariohysterectomy or spaying. This procedure not only cures the infection, but also prevents it from recurring and reduces the risk of other reproductive diseases, such as mammary tumors or ovarian cancer.

The surgery is usually performed under general anesthesia and may take one to two hours. The dog may need to stay in the hospital for one to two days after the surgery for observation and recovery. 

The dog may also need antibiotics, painkillers, fluids, and other medications to treat the infection and the complications. The dog will have stitches or staples on the abdomen that will need to be removed after 10 to 14 days. The dog will also need to wear a cone or an Elizabethan collar to prevent her from licking or biting the wound.

The prognosis of pyometra in dogs is good if the condition is diagnosed and treated early and properly. Most dogs recover well from the surgery and can live normal and healthy lives. However, if the condition is left untreated or treated late, the prognosis is poor and the dog may die from the infection or the complications.

The Benefits of Spaying Your Dog to Prevent Pyometra

The best way to prevent pyometra in dogs is to spay them before their first heat cycle or as soon as possible after that. Spaying is a safe and routine procedure that has many benefits for your dog’s health and well-being, such as:

• Preventing pyometra and other reproductive diseases, such as mammary tumors, ovarian cancer, or uterine cancer.
• Reducing the risk of unwanted pregnancies and overpopulation of dogs.
• Eliminating the mess and hassle of the heat cycle, such as bleeding, swelling, or behavioral changes.
• Reducing the risk of roaming, aggression, or marking behaviors related to the heat cycle.
• Increasing the lifespan and quality of life of your dog.

Spaying your dog does not change her personality or make her fat or lazy. It also does not deprive her of the experience of motherhood or affect her ability to work or play. Spaying your dog is a responsible and caring decision that can save her life and make her happier and healthier.

Well, That’s a Wrap

In conclusion, pyometra is a serious health concern that demands the attention of dog owners. Being informed about the causes, recognizing early symptoms, and seeking prompt veterinary care can make all the difference in preserving the health and happiness of your canine companion. 

Remember, responsible pet ownership involves not only providing love and companionship but also staying vigilant about their well-being. By staying educated and proactive, we can work towards a future where our furry friends lead healthier, happier lives.

• Increased thirst and urination: The dog may drink more water and urinate more often due to the infection and the toxins in the blood. The dog may also have difficulty urinating or have blood in the urine.

• Fever: The dog may have a high body temperature due to the infection and inflammation. The normal temperature for dogs is between 101 and 102.5°F (38.3 and 39.2°C). A fever may indicate a serious infection that needs immediate treatment.

• Collapse: In severe cases, the dog may collapse or go into shock due to the rupture of the uterus, blood loss, or organ failure. This is a medical emergency that requires urgent veterinary care.